We have highlighted studies that have developed innovative methods for studying the content of EVs. In addition, we present works related to lipid glycosylation. We explored the content of studies deposited in public databases, such as Exocarta and Vesiclepedia. Finally, we discuss analytical methods for structural characterization of glycoconjugates and present an overview of the critical points of the study of glycosylation EVs, as well as perspectives in this field.Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer which is mainly used as a kind of plastic additive to increase the flexibility of plastic products. Given the widespread use of plastic products, DEHP, as a ubiquitous artificial pollutant, are widely present in the environment. In addition, DEHP could cause biological damage in various organs through oxidative stress. Nano-Selenium, a novel form of selenium, has a wide variety of biomedical applications as an antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent. Nevertheless, researches on the toxicity of DEHP in chicken hepatocyte lines is insufficient. In particular, researches on the interaction between DEHP and nano-selenium is insufficient in chicken cell. Therefore, the innovation of this study is to explore the theoretical mechanism of DEHP toxicity in hepatocytes and the antagonistic effect of nano-selenium on a series of damage in chicken hepatocytes caused by DEHP. Our results showed that, after DEHP exposure, oxidative stress levels in hepatocytes increased, and the mRNA and protein levels of apoptosis-related genes p53, Capsase9, Caspase3 and Bax increased significantly except Bcl-2. The protein levels of apoptosis markers cleaved-Caspase9 and cleaved-Caspase3 also increased significantly. Moreover, the result of TUNEL assay also showed that the level of apoptotic cells increased after DEHP exposure. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein levels of PI3K, AKT and p-AKT decreased. Therefore, DEHP is able to enhance the degree of oxidative damage and apoptosis of chicken liver cells. Nevertheless, the addition of nano-selenium can reverse the above changes. Experimental results revealed that nano-selenium antagonizes the toxic effects of DEHP via the PI3K/AKT pathway.Wetland plants are often used as the main body of soil, and the rhizosphere is a hot spot migration and transformation. Response mechanism to rhizosphere microorganisms on chromium(Cr) stressing could help improve the phytoremediation system. Cyperus alternifolius(CA) is selected as the research object by Cr-stress treatments and uncontaminated treatments with different cultivated pattern, included sole cultivated pattern(CAI), two-cultivated pattern (CAII), three-cultivated pattern (CAIII), and the un-planted blank samples (CK). 16s rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic sequencing are performed to measure rhizosphere microbial community. And Five common enzymes in rhizosphere soils were observed β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), β-1,4-xylosidase (BX), cellobiohydrolase (CBH) and Leucine amino peptidase (LAP) in the rhizosphere. The results show that Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Deltaproteobacteria are top five (63.97%) of the total sequence number. Wetland plants enriched a large amount of soil Cr in themselves, and the rhizosphere microorganisms don't show significant difference in community structure after affecting. 10.48% variation of microbial community is caused by Cr-stress. Acidovorax showed a great potential for chromium resistance. BX involvement in tolerance processes indirectly affects microbial communities (P less then 0.01), there is a strong linear relationship between enzyme activity and the plants accumulating Cr and microbial community within 15.58% variant. The material accumulation and microbial quantity of CAIII are relatively low, but high biodiversity remains after affecting. These results provide references for in-depth understanding of rhizosphere microbial response to heavy metal pollution in wetland phytoremediation and interaction between wetland plants and rhizosphere microorganisms.Odorous gas (e.g. atmospheric ammonia) in low ventilation public places, such as public toilets and waste transfer stations, causes severe health problems. Many technologies are developed to purify the atmospheric ammonia, among which the microbial agents are supposed to be a green and economical approach. In this study, we developed a yeast, Pichia sp. J1, and a lactic acid bacterium (LAB), Lactobacillus paracasei B1, co-culture agent for atmospheric ammonia removing. The on-site application results indicated the yeast and LAB mixed fermented agent had a maximum ammonia removing efficiency of 98.78%, which is significantly higher than the pure cultures (78.93% for B1 and 75.00% for J1), indicating the co-culture agent is an excellent biological product for ammonia removal. The excellent performance of the agent is closely related to the synergy behaviors between the yeast and LAB. In the co-culture agents, some of the LAB cells adhered closely to the yeast, and the growth and lactic acid producing ability of LAB were significantly promoted by yeast. Genomic analysis indicated the complementary of nutrients, i.e. carbon and nitrogen resources, signal transduction, and adhesion proteins (regulates adhesion behavior) played roles in regulating the synergy effects. Our study offers a novel biological solution of odorous gas purification.Rugao city is a typical longevity area taking shallow groundwater as the primary drinking water source. To determine the relationship between longevity and groundwater conditions, the hydrogeochemical characteristics and related causes of potable groundwater were investigated. On this basis, the water quality index (WQI) and hazard index (HI) of groundwater were evaluated. Meanwhile, the nutrient indicators beneficial to human health, like Ca and Mg concentrations, were also considered to explore the relationship. The results were as following (1) 91.3% of water samples fell under the Ca/Mg-HCO3 water type, which resulted from the dissolution of silicate rock. https://www.selleckchem.com/ Na, Cl-, Br, B in groundwater emanated from seawater intrusion. The abnormal concentrations of NO3- and As also indicated that anthropogenic activities had exerted significant influences on groundwater quality. (2) The average WQI value was 30.19, which meant that the overall groundwater quality in Rugao city was pretty good. However, 8 water samples were found to have HI values above 1, which might be attributed to the high concentration of As (maximum value 0.